تحلیل و بررسی دیدگاه جیگوان کیم درباره علیت ذهنی

نویسندگان
محمدمهدی مقدس 1
عبدالرزاق حسامی فر 2
1 دانشگاه بین‎المللی امام خمینی قزوین
2 دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی دانشگاه بین المللی امام خمینی (ره) قزوین
10.61186/mi.4.7.159
چکیده
جیگوان کیم (1934-2019)، فیلسوف کره‌ای-آمریکایی معاصر است که پژوهش‎های او در زمینه فلسفه ذهن و متافیزیک بوده است. این مقاله قصد دارد دیدگاه وی درباره علیت ذهنی را تحلیل و نقادی کند. دیدگاه کیم درباره علیت ذهنی، بر نوعی فیزیکالیسم تحویلی استوار است که در آن، رویدادهای ذهنی به‌واسطه تحویلِ کارکردی به ویژگی‌های فیزیکی، واجد اثربخشی علی می‌شوند. وی خوانش غیرتحویلی از فیزیکالیسم را رد می‎کند؛ و آن را موجب ایجاد مساله تعین‎ چند‎جانبه می‎داند. از دید وی، حالات ذهنی درصورتی ‌می‌توانند توان علی داشته باشند که علت‎های عصبی-فیزیکی آن‌ها چنین ویژگی­ای را داشته باشند؛ در صورت‎بندی معمول از علیت ذهنی، مشکل تعین‎ چند جانبه علی، موجب می‎شود تا ویژگی‎های ذهنی فاقد شایستگی علی باشند. کیم با بیان اصل برونداد علی، علیت به‎مثابه علیت تولیدی، و اصل بُستار، می‎کوشد تا صورت‎بندی خود از علیت ذهنی را ارائه کرده و، امکان آن را نشان دهد. در نقد دیدگاه کیم می‎توان به این موارد اشاره کرد: (1) ابتناء ویژگی‎های ذهنی بر ویژگی‎های فیزیکی، موجب شبه‎ پدیده بودن ویژگی‎های ذهنی است. (2) استدلال برونداد علی، در نجات ویژگی‎های ذهنی و نیز، در پاسخ به اشکالات برآمده از استدلال تعمیم، ناکام می‎ماند. (3) استقلال ویژگی‎های ذهنی از ویژگی‎های فیزیکی، و تلقی آن‎ها به‎مثابه قانون، با یکدیگر ناسازگار است؛ و (4) خوانش علیت به‎مثابه تولید، با قوانین بنیادی فیزیک مغایرت دارد.
کلیدواژه‌ها
جیگوان کیم
فلسفه ذهن
علیت ذهنی
اصل برونداد علی
فیزیکالیسم
فیزیکالیسم غیرتحویلی

عنوان مقاله English

Analysis and Investigation of Jaegwon Kim’s Viewpoint on Mental Causation

نویسندگان English

Mohamad Mehdi Moghadas 1
Abdurrazzaq Hesamifar 2
1 Imam Khomeini International University
2 Imam Khomeini International University
چکیده English

Jaegwon Kim (1934-2019) was a contemporary Korean-American philosopher whose research was on the philosophy of mind and metaphysics. This paper undertakes an evaluative examination and critique of his stance on the matter of mental causation. Kim's viewpoint on mental causation is based on reductive physicalism. This is how mental events become causally effective through the functional reduction of physical properties. He rejects physicalism's non-reductive reading. And, he believes, it involves the problem of over-determination. In his point of view, mental states can have causal power if their neuro-physical causes have such properties. Within the framework of the Canonical formulation of mental causation, the phenomenon of causal over-determination results in a diminished degree of causal efficacy associated with mental properties. Kim endeavors to expound his conceptualization of mental causation by elucidating notions such as the principle of causal exclusion, causation construed as production and closure principles. The author endeavors to evince the plausibility of mental causality. We argue that (1) supervening mental properties on physical properties makes mental properties to be an epiphenomenon. (2) The Causal Exclusion Argument inadequately preserves the presence of mental properties while simultaneously failing to provide a sufficient rejoinder to the concerns posited by the Generalization Argument. (3) The independency of mental properties from physical properties, and considering them as nomological, are incompatible with each other; and (4) reading causation as production contradicts physics' fundamental laws.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Jaegwon Kim
Philosophy of Mind
Mental Causation
Causal Exclusion
Physicalism
Reductive Physicalism
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