جایگاه استقرا در نظام منطقی جان استوارت میل

نویسندگان
دانشگاه بین‌المللی امام خمینی(ره)
چکیده
تأکید میل بر رد معرفت پیشینی سبب شده که او نیز همانند تجربه‌گرایانی چون هیوم، دست به دامان روان آدمی شود و ریشه بسیاری از باورها را در روان آدمی بجوید. قوه عقل در نظر او لوح سفیدی است که مشاهده و تجربه نقش­هایی بر روی آن ترسیم می‌کنند. در مرحله بعد روان آدمی دست به کار می‌شود و آدمی را وادار به پذیرفتن پدیده‌های تکراری می‌کند. این باور به مرور زمان و پس از تکرار مکرر یکنواختی‌های موجود در طبیعت، مهر تأیید مجددی می‌خورد؛ گویی کشف هر قانون جدیدی نه تنها خود آن قانون را اثبات می‌کند، بلکه به تثبیت سایر قوانینی که با استفاده از این روش به دست آمده‌اند نیز کمک می‌کند. این پژوهش برآن است که جایگاه استقرا را در منطق جان استوارت میل نمایان سازد و نیز نشان دهد که تلاش­های او برای توجیه استقرا کافی نبوده است. به همین منظور کتاب نظام منطق (The System of Logic) میل مورد بررسی قرار گرفته و نظر برخی از مفسرین در باب آن بیان شده است. در ضمن بحث، سعی شده نظر میل در باب قیاس نیز بیان شود و به این ترتیب تصویری کلی از منطق جان استوارت میل ارائه شود.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

The Position of Induction in John Stuart Mill’s Logical System

نویسندگان English

Zahra Esmaeili
Seyed Mohammad Hakkak
Imam Khomeini International University
چکیده English

Mill's emphasis on the denial of a priori knowledge caused him, as same as empiricists like Hume, to put a psychological account to explain many of his beliefs. In his opinion, the intellect is a whiteboard on which observation and experience draw patterns. In the next stage, the human psyche gets to work and forces a person to accept repetitive phenomena. This belief is reconfirmed over time and after repeating the monotonies in nature repeatedly; it is as if the discovery of any new law not only proves that law itself but also helps to establish other laws that have been obtained using this method. This research aims to reveal the place of induction in the logic of John Stuart Mill and also show that his efforts to justify induction were not enough. For this purpose, Mill's book” The System of Logic” has been studied and the opinion of some commentators has been expressed about it. During the discussion, Mill's opinion on analogy has been tried to be expressed and finally, a general picture of John Stuart Mill's logic has been presented.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Induction
Mill
empiricism
causality
Induction by Simple Enumeration
Induction by Elimination
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