علم پیشین و اختیار بشر از دیدگاه آگوستینی‌کالوینیستیِ پاول هلم

نویسندگان
1 دانشگاه خوارزمی
2 دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران.
چکیده
پاول هلم معتقد است که دلایلِ خوبی برای این ادعا وجود دارد که علم مطلق الهی -که آینده را نیز در بر می­گیرد- با آزادی انسانی -که به‌نحو ناهمسازگرایانه درک شده باشد- منطقاً ناسازوار است. اما این تعارض نباید ما را به نظریه­ای تنزل‌یافته از علم مطلق الهی بکشاند. چنان‌که نباید به نفی آزادی و مسئولیت آدمی بیانجامد. هلم مدعی است که یک خداباور مسیحی می­تواند به‌معنای همسازگرایانۀ آزادی روی آورد. نخست به این دلیل که آموزۀ مسیحیِ «فیض الهی» تنها با فهم همسازگرایانه از آزادیِ انسان سازوار است. دوم به این دلیل که خداوند برای آن‌که کامل مطلق باشد باید به‌معنای قوی عالم مطلق باشد و تنها درصورتی چنین است که همسازگرایی صادق باشد. خواهیم گفت که دلیل نخست هلم به نفی برخی دیگر از آموزه­های پذیرفته شدۀ ادیان، از جمله مسیحیت خواهد انجامید و استدلال دوم او به مغالطه وضع تالی دچار است. اما دلیل سوم هلم این است که ضرورتا اگر خداوند از پیش x را بداند (که می­داند)، آن‌گاه x ضرورتا رخ خواهد داد. او برای گریز از اشکال، تاکید می­کند که مراد او از «ضرورت» ضرورتِ تاریخی است و نه منطقی. اما این استدلال تنها زمانی کار می­کند که بپذیریم خدا در زمان است. لذا کسانی که علم الهی را بی­زمان بدانند، می­توانند مدعی شوند که همه رویدادها در ذهن الهی به‌نحو لازمان وجود دارد و علم او به دلیل گذشته بودن ضروری نیست. به‌نظر می­رسد که خودِ هلم نیز این اشکال را می­پذیرد.
کلیدواژه‌ها

عنوان مقاله English

Divine Foreknowledge and Human Freedom from Paul Helm’s Augustinian Calvinist view

نویسندگان English

Fatemeh Bagheri Monfared 1
Bahram Alizade 2
1 Kharazmi University
2 Kharazmi University
چکیده English

Paul Helm believes that there are good reasons that divine omniscience - which includes the future - with human freedom understood in an incompatibilist sense is logically inconsistent. But this tension should not lead us to a reduced theory of divine foreknowledge, just as it should not negate human freedom and responsibility. Helm has argued that a Christian theist may accept a compatibilist sense of human freedom; first, the Christian doctrine of "God's grace" is compatible only with the compatibilist version of human freedom. Second because God is omniscient, it must be omniscient in a strong sense, and this is the case only if compatibilism is true. We will say that Helm's first argument will lead to the denial of some other accepted doctrines of religions, including Christianity, and his second argument falls into affirming the consequences. But Helm's third reason is that necessarily, if God knows x in advance (which He does), then x will necessarily occur. To avoid problems, he emphasizes that what he means by "necessity" is a historical and not logical necessity. But this argument only works when we accept that God is in time. Therefore, those who consider divine knowledge timeless can claim that all events exist in the divine mind in a necessary way and His knowledge is not necessary because it is in the past. It seems that Helm himself also accepts this problem.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Divine Foreknowledge
Free will
Augustinian-Calvinist view
Paul Helm
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