بررسی واقع‌نمایی مشاهدات این‌جهانی در تجربیات نزدیک به مرگ

نویسندگان
هاشم قربانی
مسیح محمدی
دانشگاه مازندران
10.61882/mi.6.1.153
چکیده
تجربه­های نزدیک به مرگ، مشاهداتی با سنخ تجربه­گری ویژه­اند که فراتر از ابزارهای همگانی و در دسترسِ مادی، تصویری از حالات انسانِ در آستانه [بازگشته از] مرگ را نشان می­دهند. این مشاهدات، از قابلیت راستی­آزماییِ معرفت­شناختی برای دستیابی به وثاقت معرفتی برخوردارند. هدف این مقاله، نقادی تحلیل فیزیکالیستی مبتنی بر توهم­انگاری تجارب بیرون از بدن است. در این میان، گونه­شناختِ مشاهدات در تجربه­های بیرون از بدن و گزارشی از منابع موجود با تاکید بر مشاهدات این­دنیایی بیان شده است. این پژوهش با جمع­آوری اطلاعات بر اساس روش کتابخانه­ای و داده­پردازی مبتنی بر روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی طراحی شده است. در این پژوهش نشان داده خواهد شد که مشاهدات گزارش شده در این تجربه­ها، به دو دسته سابجکتیو (آن­جهانی) و آبژکتیو (این­جهانی) قابل تقسیم­اند. شفافیت تفکر، تجربه­های فرازمانی، سرعت انتقالات تجربه­گری، و داشتن تجربه­های نوین فرامادی از ویژگی­های دسته نخست از مشاهدات آن­جهانی است. ادراکات فرابدنی و مشاهده رخ­دادها و اتفاقات عینی روزمره از اوصاف مشاهدات این­جهانی به­شمار می­روند. در این مقاله ضمن گزارشی از پژوهش­های معتبر در خصوص مشاهدات این­جهانی، بر پایه چهار رویکرد، توهم­انگاری تجربه­های نزدیک به مرگ مورد نقد قرار گرفته است. عینیت گزارش­ها، تعدد اشتراکات، تجرد نفس و مساله آگاهی از مهم­ترین تکیه­گاه­های این رویکردهای چهارگانه­اند. با توجه به کاهش یا متوقف شدن سطح فعالیت­های مغزی در تجربه­های نزدیک به مرگ، مشاهدات ناظر بر رخ­دادهای این­دنیایی، قابلیت اعتبارسنجی معرفتی دارند.
کلیدواژه‌ها
تجربه نزدیک به مرگ
مشاهدات
آگاهی
این­جهانی
عینی

عنوان مقاله English

Review of Realistic Representation of Worldly Perceptions in Near-Death Experiences

نویسندگان English

Hashem Qorbani
Masih Mohammadi
University of Mazadaran, Babolsar, Iran
چکیده English

Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) represent a unique class of perceptions that offer profound insights into the human condition at the threshold of death. These experiences invite both epistemological and ontological examination, a process essential for assessing their epistemic validity. The primary goal of this article is to critically evaluate physicalist accounts that dismiss NDEs as mere hallucinatory phenomena. Using a descriptive-analytical approach and relying on comprehensive library-based research, this study shows that the perceptions reported during NDEs generally fall into two categories: subjective, other-worldly phenomena and objective, this-worldly observations, each with its own distinctive characteristics. The first category includes experiences such as traveling through a light-filled tunnel, encountering preternatural beings, and seeing deceased relatives or spiritual figures. The second category involves observations of tangible physical events occurring either in the patient’s immediate surroundings or even at a distance from their physical body. Remarkably, such reports often emerge under conditions of sensory deprivation (e.g., with eyes closed) and significantly reduced cortical activity.
This article examines credible international research on this-worldly aspects of NDEs to challenge conventional hallucinatory explanations. The critique unfolds through four main lines of argument: (1) the objective nature of reported perceptions, (2) the recurrence of shared experiential patterns, (3) philosophical reflections on the mind’s capacity to function independently of the physical body, and (4) the fundamental problem of phenomenal awareness. Crucially, the observation of real-world events during NDEs, particularly when supported by medical documentation, renders these experiences open to epistemic validation.

کلیدواژه‌ها English

Near-Death Experiences (NDE)
Veridical Out-of-Body Experience (Veridical OBE)
Extrasensory Perception (ESP)
consciousness
This-worldly perceptions
Objective reality
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